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Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat; thus giving the formula: [ 3] Values for cardiac output are usually denoted as L/min.
Developed by Adolf Eugen Fick (1829–1901), the Fick principle has been applied to the measurement of cardiac output. Its underlying principles may also be applied in a variety of clinical situations. In Fick's original method, the "organ" was the entire human body and the marker substance was oxygen. The first published mention was in ...
Stroke volume is an important determinant of cardiac output, which is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, and is also used to calculate ejection fraction, which is stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume. Because stroke volume decreases in certain conditions and disease states, stroke volume itself correlates with cardiac function.
Cardiac output as shown on an ECG. Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle (stroke volume, SV) in one minute. To calculate this, multiply stroke volume (SV), by heart rate (HR), in beats per minute. [1] It can be represented by the equation: CO = HR x SV [1]
Cardiac index. Cardiac index ( CI) is a haemodynamic parameter that relates the cardiac output (CO) from left ventricle in one minute to body surface area (BSA), [ 1] thus relating heart performance to the size of the individual. The unit of measurement is litres per minute per square metre (L/min/m 2 ).
Aortic valve area calculation. In cardiology, aortic valve area calculation is an indirect method of determining the area of the aortic valve of the heart. The calculated aortic valve orifice area is currently one of the measures for evaluating the severity of aortic stenosis. A valve area of less than 1.0 cm 2 is considered to be severe aortic ...
Afterload is the pressure that the heart must work against to eject blood during systole (ventricular contraction). Afterload is proportional to the average arterial pressure. [ 1] As aortic and pulmonary pressures increase, the afterload increases on the left and right ventricles respectively. Afterload changes to adapt to the continually ...
Cardiac function curve. A cardiac function curve is a graph showing the relationship between right atrial pressure (x-axis) and cardiac output (y-axis). [citation needed] Superimposition of the cardiac function curve and venous return curve is used in one hemodynamic model. [ 1]