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A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is any model in particle physics that merges the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model) into a single force at high energies. Although this unified force has not been directly observed, many GUT models theorize its existence.
In physical cosmology, the grand unification epoch is a poorly understood period in the evolution of the early universe following the Planck epoch and preceding inflation (cosmology). This places it between about 10 −43 seconds after the Big Bang and 10 −35 seconds, when the temperature of the universe was comparable to the characteristic ...
In addition to Standard Model particles, the theory includes twelve colored X bosons, responsible for proton decay. In particle physics, the Georgi–Glashow model [1] is a particular Grand Unified Theory (GUT) proposed by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow in 1974.
Grand Unified Theories make predictions for the relative strengths of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces, and in 1991 LEP determined that supersymmetric theories have the correct ratio of couplings for a Georgi–Glashow Grand Unified Theory. Many Grand Unified Theories (but not Pati–Salam) predict that the proton can decay, and if ...
Supersymmetric grand unified theories seem plausible not only for their theoretical "beauty", but because they naturally produce large quantities of dark matter, and because the inflationary force may be related to grand unified theory physics (although it does not seem to form an inevitable part of the theory). Yet grand unified theories are ...
Stuart A. Raby is an American physicist and professor at The Ohio State University, known for his work in theoretical physics.His research focuses on physics beyond the Standard Model, including the grand unification of fundamental forces, supersymmetric theories, and string theory model building.
The grand unification energy, or the GUT scale, is the energy level above which, it is believed, the electromagnetic force, weak force, and strong force become equal in strength and unify to one force governed by a simple Lie group. The exact value of the grand unification energy (if grand unification is indeed realized in nature) depends on ...
In addition to Standard Model particles, the theory includes 30 colored X bosons, responsible for proton decay, and two W' bosons. The pattern of charges for particles in the SO(10) model, rotated to show the embedding in E6. In particle physics, SO(10) refers to a grand unified theory (GUT) based on the spin group Spin(10).