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The troposphere on Venus contains 99% of the atmosphere by mass. 90% of the atmosphere of Venus is within 28 km (17.5 mi) of the surface; by comparison, 90% of the atmosphere of Earth is within 16 km (10 mi) of the surface. At a height of 50 km (31 mi) the atmospheric pressure is approximately equal to that at the surface of Earth. [34]
Venus's atmosphere is rich in primordial noble gases compared to that of Earth. [95] This enrichment indicates an early divergence from Earth in evolution. An unusually large comet impact [96] or accretion of a more massive primary atmosphere from the solar nebula [97] have been proposed to explain the enrichment.
The surface of Venus is comparatively flat. When 93% of the topography was mapped by Pioneer Venus Orbiter, scientists found that the total distance from the lowest point to the highest point on the entire surface was about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi), about the same as the vertical distance between the Earth's ocean floor and the higher summits of the Himalayas.
Venus has an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide, with a pressure that is 90 times that of Earth's atmosphere. There are over 80,000 [2] volcanoes on Venus detected through radar mapping. For many years scientists debated on whether Venus was currently active or if the volcanic structures were remnants from the past.
The initial observations of Venus' super rotation were Earth-based. Modern GCM models and observations are often enhanced by looking at past ancient climates. In a model where Venus is assumed to have an atmospheric mass similar to Earth, SS-AS circulation could have dominated over super-rotation in an ancient thinner atmosphere. [2]
Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure) [35] [36] 400–900 Pa 0.06–0.13 psi Atmospheric pressure on Mars, < 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth [37] 610 Pa 0.089 psi Partial vapor pressure at the triple point of water (611.657 Pa) [38] [39] 10 3 Pa
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At the top of the clouds, the wind speed on Venus reaches up to 95 m/s (340 km/h; 210 mph), circling the planet approximately every four Earth days in a phenomenon known as "super-rotation". [13] Compared to the Venusian solar day of 118 Earth days, colonies freely floating in this region could therefore have a much shorter day-night cycle.