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Uremia is the condition of having high levels of urea in the blood. Urea is one of the primary components of urine.It can be defined as an excess in the blood of amino acid and protein metabolism end products, such as urea and creatinine, which would normally be excreted in the urine.
[8] [9] If the condition is allowed to progress without treatment, it can eventually lead to azotemia and uremic symptoms. [9] This constellation of symptoms contrasts with the classical presentation of nephrotic syndrome (excessive proteinuria >3.5 g/day, low plasma albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) <3 g/L, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia ...
Hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) is a group of blood disorders characterized by low red blood cells, acute kidney injury (previously called acute renal failure), and low platelets. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Initial symptoms typically include bloody diarrhea , fever , vomiting , and weakness.
Introduced by the KDIGO in 2012, [13] specific criteria exist for the diagnosis of AKI. AKI can be diagnosed if any one of the following is present: Increase in SCr by ≥0.3 mg/dl (≥26.5 μmol/L) within 48 hours; or; Increase in SCr to ≥1.5 times baseline, which has occurred within the prior 7 days; or; Urine volume < 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours.
Uremic frost on the head in someone with chronic kidney disease. CKD is initially without symptoms, and is usually detected on routine screening blood work by either an increase in serum creatinine, or protein in the urine. As the kidney function decreases, more unpleasant symptoms may emerge: [23]
Renal infarction is a medical condition caused by an abrupt disruption of the renal blood flow in either one of the segmental branches or the major ipsilateral renal artery. [3]
Diagnosis of acute failure is often based on a combination of factors such as decreased urine production or increased serum creatinine. [3] Diagnosis of chronic failure is based on a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 or the need for renal replacement therapy. [1] It is also equivalent to stage 5 chronic kidney disease. [1]
In diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and malignant hypertension, the endothelial layer of small vessels is damaged with resulting fibrin deposition and platelet aggregation. As red blood cells travel through these damaged vessels, they are fragmented ...