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The fields inside the surface are referred as null fields. Thus, the surface currents are chosen as to sustain the external fields in the original problem. Alternatively, Love equivalent problem for field distributions inside the surface can be formulated: this requires the negative of surface currents for the external radiation case.
Low Advance Ratio (J < 1): When the advance ratio is low, the vehicle is moving forward slowly relative to the propeller speed. This usually happens at low speeds or when the propeller is turning very fast. High Advance Ratio (J > 1): When the advance ratio is high, the vehicle is moving forward quickly compared to the propeller's rotational speed.
Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel present in a combustion process. The combustion may take place in a controlled manner such as in an internal combustion engine or industrial furnace, or may result in an explosion (e.g., a dust explosion ).
The International Organization for Standardization publishes equivalent standards (ISO 11075 and ISO 11078), defining the same four types. De-icing fluids containing thickeners (types II, III, and IV) are also known as anti-icing fluids, because they are used primarily to prevent icing from re-occurring after an initial deicing with a type I fluid.
SO 4 2− + ATP ⇌ APS + PP i. The conversion of APS to PAPS is catalysed by APS kinase: APS + ATP ⇌ PAPS + ADP Structure of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS). Reduction of APS leads to sulfite, which is further reduced to hydrogen sulfide, which is excreted. This process is called dissimilatory sulfate reduction.
ADF Automatic direction finder: Navigation equipment ADI Attitude Director Indicator: ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit: ADIZ Air defense identification zone: ADJ Adjustment Mechanical term ADM 1: Aeronautical decision-making [5] Piloting term of judgment ADM 2: Air data module: ADN Aircraft Data ...
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The equivalent width of a spectral line is a measure of the area of the line on a plot of intensity versus wavelength in relation to underlying continuum level. It is found by forming a rectangle with a height equal to that of continuum emission, and finding the width such that the area of the rectangle is equal to the area in the spectral line.