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The flat line is the optimal blood sugar level (i.e. the homeostatic set point). Blood sugar levels are balanced by the tug-of-war between 2 functionally opposite hormones, glucagon and insulin. Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in balance.
A cold chain is a supply chain that uses refrigeration to maintain perishable goods, such as pharmaceuticals, produce or other goods that are temperature-sensitive. [1] Common goods, sometimes called cool cargo, [2] distributed in cold chains include fresh agricultural produce, [3] seafood, frozen food, photographic film, chemicals, and pharmaceutical products. [4]
The freeze-drying process was developed as a commercial technique that enabled blood plasma and penicillin to be rendered chemically stable and viable without refrigeration. [9] In the 1950s–1960s, freeze drying began to be viewed as a multi-purpose tool for both pharmaceuticals and food processing. [9]
Insulin can not be taken orally because insulin is a hormone and is destroyed by the digestive track. Insulin can be injected by several methods, including a hypodermic needle, jet injector, or insulin pump. There is also inhaled insulin that can be used in adults with diabetes. [33]
Aseptic processing was derived from Olin Ball's heat-cool-fill (HCF) machine that was developed in 1927. [5] While HCF was successful in improving the sensory quality of the processed chocolate milk as compared to canned product, the use of the equipment was hindered by its cost, maintenance, and inflexibility to process various container sizes, rendering the machine a failure.
The mechanism for both of these is thought to be related to insulin resistance (like type 2 diabetes), rather than an autoimmune destruction process (like in type 1 diabetes). Diagnosing type 1 or type 2 diabetes is done by getting a sense for how much glucose is floating around in the blood and has specific standards that the World Health ...
The effects of insulin vary depending on the tissue involved, e.g., insulin is most important in the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue. [ 2 ] This insulin signal transduction pathway is composed of trigger mechanisms (e.g., autophosphorylation mechanisms) that serve as signals throughout the cell.
This process absorbs heat from the surroundings, quickly lowering the pack's temperature. [ 5 ] Instant cold packs are a convenient replacement for crushed ice used as first aid on sport injuries or heat illness , and can be carried as first aid to remote or wilderness areas where ice is unavailable.
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