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In algebra, Gauss's lemma, [1] named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a theorem [note 1] about polynomials over the integers, or, more generally, over a unique factorization domain (that is, a ring that has a unique factorization property similar to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic). Gauss's lemma underlies all the theory of factorization ...
Gauss's lemma is used in many, [3]: Ch. 1 [3]: 9 but by no means all, of the known proofs of quadratic reciprocity. For example, Gotthold Eisenstein [3]: 236 used Gauss's lemma to prove that if p is an odd prime then
Rational root theorem. In algebra, the rational root theorem (or rational root test, rational zero theorem, rational zero test or p/q theorem) states a constraint on rational solutions of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients and . Solutions of the equation are also called roots or zeros of the polynomial on the left side.
Fundamental theorem of algebra. The fundamental theorem of algebra, also called d'Alembert's theorem[1] or the d'Alembert–Gauss theorem, [2] states that every non- constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex ...
Gauss published the first and second proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity on arts 125–146 and 262 of Disquisitiones Arithmeticae in 1801.. In number theory, the law of quadratic reciprocity is a theorem about modular arithmetic that gives conditions for the solvability of quadratic equations modulo prime numbers.
In mathematics and other fields, [a] a lemma (pl.: lemmas or lemmata) is a generally minor, proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result. For that reason, it is also known as a "helping theorem " or an "auxiliary theorem". [3][4] In many cases, a lemma derives its importance from the theorem it aims to prove; however ...
Ceiling function. In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor (x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the smallest integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil (x). [ 1 ]
Gauss's lemma. Gauss's lemma can mean any of several mathematical lemmas named after Carl Friedrich Gauss: Gauss's lemma (polynomials), the greatest common divisor of the coefficients is a multiplicative function. Gauss's lemma (number theory), condition under which an integer is a quadratic residue. Gauss's lemma (Riemannian geometry), theorem ...