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Islam[ a ] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number approximately 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians. [ 9 ]
In the book Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World (1994), the author N. Ayubi explained what he believes to be the two main concerns of Islamic political movements and extremist groups in the Middle East: The Western belief in a bureaucratic state; and; The secular values and beliefs associated with concepts such as modernity ...
Criticism of Islam can take many forms, including academic critiques, political criticism, religious criticism, and personal opinions. Subjects of criticism include Islamic beliefs, practices, and doctrines. Criticism of Islam has been present since its formative stages, and early expressions of disapproval were made by Christians, Jews, and ...
Religious achievements included completion of the canonical collections of Hadith of Sahih Bukhari and others. [141] Islam recognized to a certain extent the validity of the Abrahamic religions, the Quran identifying Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Sabians (commonly identified with the Mandaeans) as "people of the book".
Islamic feminism is defined by Islamic scholars as being more radical than secular feminism, [75] and as being anchored within the discourse of Islam with the Quran as its central text. [76] During recent times, the concept of Islamic feminism has grown further with Islamic groups looking to garner support from many aspects of society.
The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism as People of the Book and official religions, and they are granted the right to exercise religious freedom in Iran. [ 28 ][ 29 ] Five of the 270 seats in parliament are reserved for these three religions.
Modern-era (20th to 21st century) Islamic scholars include the following, referring to religious authorities whose publications or statements are accepted as pronouncements on religion by their respective communities and adherents. Geographical categories have been created based on commonalities in culture and across the Islamic World.
Islam is based on the belief in oneness and uniqueness of the God (tawhid), and belief in an afterlife (akhirah) with the Last Judgment —wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise (jannah) and the unrighteous will be punished in hell (jahannam). The Five Pillars —considered obligatory acts of worship—comprise the Islamic oath and ...