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An estimated 3 million pregnant women in the USA were prescribed DES from 1941 through 1971. [2] [3] DES was also widely prescribed to women in Canada, the UK, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand during a similar period. Women who were prescribed DES during pregnancy have been shown to have a modestly increased risk of breast cancer and breast ...
[84] [85] [86] The preceding side effects of synthetic estrogens do not appear to occur in pregnant women, who already have very high estrogen levels. [84] This suggests that these effects are due to estrogenic activity. [84] Synthetic estrogens have markedly stronger effects on the liver and hepatic protein synthesis than natural estrogens.
Bioidentical hormones fit precisely into human hormone receptors while conventional hormones fit "cockeyed"; this mismatch causes serious side effects Synthetic progestins and endogenous progesterone have different binding affinities for different receptors, depending on the model and animal used; these differing pharmacodynamics have not been ...
Side effects of estradiol valerate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. [15] [13] [14] Estradiol valerate is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. [5] [4] [16] It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body.
Norethisterone and ethinylestradiol levels over 24 hours after a single oral dose of 10 mg NETA in postmenopausal women. [25] NETA metabolizes into ethinylestradiol at a rate of 0.20 to 0.33% across a dose range of 10 to 40 mg. [26] [27] Peak levels of ethinylestradiol with a 10, 20, or 40 mg dose of NETA were 58, 178, and 231 pg/mL, respectively.
[1] [47] At high doses, due to their antigonadotropic effects, progestogens can cause low sex hormone levels and associated side effects like diminished secondary sexual characteristics, sexual dysfunction (e.g., reduced sex drive and erectile dysfunction), reversible infertility, reduced bone mineral density, and an increased risk of bone ...
Synthetic drugs refer to substances that are artificially modified from naturally-occurring drugs and are capable of exhibiting both therapeutic and psychoactive effects. In the medical setting, synthetic drugs possess psychotropic effects which can cure insomnia. Since there are limited clinical trials and human studies, the pharmacology and ...
Rare but serious side effects include blood clots, liver damage, and cancer of the uterus. [7] EE is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. [7] It is a synthetic derivative of estradiol, a natural estrogen, and differs from it in various ways. [7]