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A convulsant is a drug which induces convulsions and/or epileptic seizures, the opposite of an anticonvulsant.These drugs generally act as stimulants at low doses, but are not used for this purpose due to the risk of convulsions and consequent excitotoxicity.
Actiq (oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate), a controlled substance, is used off-label to treat moderate to severe chronic, non-malignant pain even though it is approved in the United States solely for breakthrough pain in cancer patients.
For example, since the first trimester is the most susceptible period for fetal development, planning a routine antiepileptic drug dose that is safer for the first trimester could be beneficial to prevent pregnancy complications.
Non-epileptic seizures (NES), also known as pseudoseizures, non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), functional seizures, or dissociative seizures, are paroxysmal events that appear similar to an epileptic seizure, but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of neurons in the brain. [1]
An example of a receptor site that possesses basal activity and for which inverse agonists have been identified is the GABA A receptors.Agonists for GABA A receptors (such as muscimol) create a relaxant effect, whereas inverse agonists have agitation effects (for example, Ro15-4513) or even convulsive and anxiogenic effects (certain beta-carbolines).
A stimulant is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase the activity of the central nervous system and the body, [5] drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. [6]
Examples would be social drinking, nootropic supplements, and sleep aids. Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance, and is legal and unregulated in nearly all jurisdictions; in North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily.
Chemical structure of the prototypical Z-drug zolpidem. Nonbenzodiazepines (/ ˌ n ɒ n ˌ b ɛ n z oʊ d aɪ ˈ æ z ɪ p iː n,-ˈ eɪ-/ [1] [2]), sometimes referred to colloquially as Z-drugs (as many of their names begin with the letter "z"), are a class of psychoactive, depressant, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic drugs that are benzodiazepine-like in uses, such as for treating insomnia [3 ...