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Some of these were similar to accounting ledger paper. They became known as green sheets or spreadsheets. With the advent of computers in business, estimators began using spreadsheet applications like VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3, and Microsoft Excel to duplicate the traditional tabular format, while automating redundant mathematical formulas. [2] [3]
A tandem rolling mill is a rolling mill used to produce wire and sheet metal. It is composed of two or more close-coupled [clarification needed] stands, and uses tension between the stands as well as compressive force from work rolls [clarification needed] to reduce the thickness of steel. It was first patented by Richard Ford in 1766 in England.
A concentric reducer is used to join pipe sections or tube sections on the same axis. [1] The concentric reducer is cone -shaped, and is used when there is a shift in diameter between pipes. [ 1 ] For example, when a 1" pipe transitions into a 3/4" pipe and the top or bottom of the pipe doesn't need to remain level. [ 2 ]
An eccentric reducer is a fitting used in piping systems between two pipes of different diameters. The same fitting can be used in reverse as an eccentric increaser or expander. The same fitting can be used in reverse as an eccentric increaser or expander.
A cycloidal drive or cycloidal speed reducer is a mechanism for reducing the speed of an input shaft by a certain ratio. Cycloidal speed reducers are capable of relatively high ratios in compact sizes with very low backlash. [1] The input shaft drives an eccentric bearing that in turn drives the cycloidal disc in an eccentric, cycloidal motion ...
The presence of length variations creates a 2-D problem, because waste can occur both width-wise and length-wise. [citation needed] The guillotine problem is another 2-D problem of cutting sheets into rectangles of specified sizes, however only cuts that continue all the way across each sheet are allowed. Industrial applications of this problem ...
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Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured. They are from the same family of products as retarders . The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s.