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CSF contains a similar concentration of sodium ions to blood plasma but fewer protein cations and therefore a smaller imbalance between sodium and chloride resulting in a higher concentration of chloride ions than plasma. This creates an osmotic pressure difference with the plasma. CSF has less potassium, calcium, glucose and protein. [6]
Activation of macrophages and lymphocytes and their migration across the barrier may result in direct attacks on myelin sheaths within the central nervous system, leading to the characteristic demyelination event observed in MS. [59] After demyelination has occurred, the degraded myelin sheath components, such as myelin basic proteins and ...
Drawing of sclerotic lesions from Babinski's thesis "Etude anatomique et clinique de la sclérose en plaques", 1885. Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be pathologically defined as the presence of distributed glial scars in the central nervous system that must show dissemination in time (DIT) and in space (DIS) to be considered MS lesions.
[21] [22] Downstream of the glymphatic system's waste clearance from the ISF to the CSF, the meningeal lymphatic system drains fluid from the glymphatic system to the meningeal compartment and deep cervical lymph nodes; this is shown by the draining of fluorescent dyes injected intracisternally into the CSF in mice. [21]
CSF pressure has been shown to be influenced by abrupt changes in intrathoracic pressure during coughing (which is induced by contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles, the latter of which also increases intra-abdominal pressure), the valsalva maneuver, and communication with the vasculature (venous and arterial systems).
Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) is a buffer solution prepared with a composition representative of cerebrospinal fluid that is used experimentally to immerse isolated brains, brain slices, or exposed brain regions to supply oxygen, maintain osmolarity, and to buffer pH at biological levels.
The choroid plexus regulates the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that provides the protective buoyancy for the brain. [2] [10] CSF acts as a medium for the glymphatic filtration system that facilitates the removal of metabolic waste from the brain, and the exchange of biomolecules and xenobiotics into and out of the brain.
[5] [9] A loss of CSF greater than its rate of production leads to a decreased volume inside the skull known as intracranial hypotension. Any CSF leak is most often characterized by orthostatic headaches, which worsen when standing, and improve when lying down. Other symptoms can include neck pain or stiffness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness ...