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Savepoints are defined in the SQL standard and are supported by all established SQL relational databases, including PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, IBM Db2, SQLite (since 3.6.8), Firebird, H2 Database Engine, and Informix (since version 11.50xC3).
In the F2 schedule, if T1 aborted, T2 has to abort because the value of A it read is incorrect. In both cases, the database is left in a consistent state. Schedule J is unrecoverable because T2 committed before T1 despite previously reading the value written by T1. Because T1 aborted after T2 committed, the value read by T2 is wrong.
In analogy with relational databases, a column family is as a "table", each key-value pair being a "row". Each column is a tuple consisting of a column name, a value, and a timestamp. In a relational database table, this data would be grouped together within a table with other non-related data. Two types of column families exist:
In this case, if the transaction's timestamp is after the object's read timestamp, the read timestamp is set to the transaction's timestamp. If a transaction wants to write to an object, but the transaction started before the object's read timestamp it means that something has had a look at the object, and we assume it took a copy of the object ...
A timestamp is a sequence of characters or encoded information identifying when a certain event occurred, usually giving date and time of day, sometimes accurate to a small fraction of a second. Timestamps do not have to be based on some absolute notion of time, however.
(This is because a later transaction already depends on the old value.) Otherwise, T i creates a new version of object P and sets the read/write timestamp TS of the new version to the timestamp of the transaction TS ← TS(T i). [2] The drawback to this system is the cost of storing multiple versions of objects in the database.
A current version is maintained for the table, or possibly a group of tables. This is stored in a supporting construct such as a reference table. When a change capture occurs, all data with the latest version number is considered to have changed. Once the change capture is complete, the reference table is updated with a new version number.
SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.