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This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
A variety of food colorings, added to beakers of water. Food coloring, color additive or colorant is any dye, pigment, or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or beverages. Colorants can be supplied as liquids, powders, gels, or pastes. Food coloring is commonly used in commercial products and in domestic cooking.
Beverages like colas account for three-quarters of the demand for caramel coloring. [citation needed]Caramel color or caramel coloring is a water-soluble food coloring.It is made by heat treatment of carbohydrates (sugars), in general in the presence of acids, alkalis, or salts, in a process called caramelization.
The molecules in a drop of food coloring added to water will eventually disperse throughout the entire medium, where the effects of molecular diffusion are more evident. However, stirring the mixture with a spoon will create turbulent flows in the water that accelerate the process of dispersion through convection-dominated dispersion.
In thermodynamics, Trouton's rule states that the (molar) entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. [1] The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature.
Molecular solids have low melting (T m) and boiling (T b) points compared to metal (iron), ionic (sodium chloride), and covalent solids (diamond). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 8 ] [ 13 ] Examples of molecular solids with low melting and boiling temperatures include argon , water , naphthalene , nicotine , and caffeine (see table below).
Boiling is the method of cooking food in boiling water or other water-based liquids such as stock or milk. [13] Simmering is gentle boiling, while in poaching the cooking liquid moves but scarcely bubbles. [14] The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K), especially at sea level.
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.