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The test consists of mounting a jet tube inside of an enclosed cylinder and releasing a turbulent downpour of water onto a soil specimen at a constant hydraulic head.If the shear stress applied by the jet stream exceeds the critical shear stress for erosion of the soil, the jet will erode soil particles, causing a scour hole to form.
Nickel forms double salts with Tutton's salt structure with tetrafluoroberyllate with the range of cations of ammonia, [4] potassium, rubidium, cesium, [5] and thallium. [ 6 ] Anhydrous salts of the formula M 2 Ni 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , which can be termed metal nickel trisulfates, belong to the family of langbeinites .
In the design and engineering of embankment dams, the critical shear stress provided by this test indicates the maximum shear stress that a fluid (such as water) can apply to a soil before a concentrated leak forms and erosion begins. The numerical measure of soil erodibility can be used to predict how quickly this erosion will progress, and it ...
A simplified version of the Emerson soil dispersion test [3] can be completed in the field on a 20-minute to two-hour timescale. Laboratory tests used to diagnose a soil as dispersive focus on the cation exchange capacity of a soil sample and its cation breakdown. Soil cations are dominated by Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K +, and Na +, as well as H + in ...
Nickel ions can act as a cation in salts with many acids, including common oxoacids. Salts of the hexaaqua ion (Ni · 6 H 2 O 2+) are especially well known. Many double salts containing nickel with another cation are known. There are organic acid salts. Nickel can be part of a negatively charged ion (anion) making what is called a nickellate.
However in other organic solvents, or molten salts the tetrachloronickelate ion can form. Nickel can be separated from such a solution in water or methanol, by partitioning it into a cyclohexane solution of amines. [2] Organic ammonium salts of the type (R 3 NH) 2 [NiCl 4] are often thermochromic (R = Me, Et, Pr). Near room temperature, these ...
Soil structure, crop planting, type and application rates of fertilizers, and other factors are taken into account to avoid excessive nutrient loss. Leaching may also refer to the practice of applying a small amount of excess irrigation where the water has a high salt content to avoid salts from building up in the soil (salinity control).
Salts dissolved from the soil accumulate at the soil surface and are deposited on the ground and at the base of the fence post. Saline incrustation in a PVC irrigation pipe from Brazil. Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. [1] Salts occur naturally within soils and ...