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  2. Cross-sectional study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_study

    In medical research, epidemiology, social science, and biology, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data. [definition needed]

  3. Prevalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence

    In epidemiology, prevalence is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seatbelt use) at a specific time. [1]

  4. Retrospective cohort study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_cohort_study

    Both the relative risk and odds ratio are relevant in retrospective cohort studies, but only the odds ratio can be used in case-control studies. Although most case-control studies are retrospective, they can also be prospective when the researcher still enrolls participants based on the occurrence of a disease as new cases occur. [citation needed]

  5. Relative risk - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_risk

    The relative risk (RR) or risk ratio is the ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. Together with risk difference and odds ratio , relative risk measures the association between the exposure and the outcome.

  6. Incidence (epidemiology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)

    Incidence should not be confused with prevalence, which is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is.

  7. Rare disease assumption - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_disease_assumption

    and = / / = While the prevalence is only 9% (9/100), the odds ratio (OR) is equal to 11.3 and the relative risk (RR) is equal to 7.2. Despite fulfilling the rare disease assumption overall, the OR and RR can hardly be considered to be approximately the same. However, the prevalence in the exposed group is 40%, which means is not sufficiently small

  8. Case–control study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case–control_study

    Although in classical case–control studies, it remains true that the odds ratio can only approximate the relative risk in the case of rare diseases, there is a number of other types of studies (case–cohort, nested case–control, cohort studies) in which it was later shown that the odds ratio of exposure can be used to estimate the relative ...

  9. Prospective cohort study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study

    Alternatively, one could group subjects based on their body mass index (BMI) and compare their risk of developing heart disease or cancer. Prospective cohort studies are typically ranked higher in the hierarchy of evidence than retrospective cohort studies [ 3 ] and can be more expensive than a case–control study .