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Price variance (Vmp) is a term used in cost accounting which denotes the difference between the expected cost of an item (standard cost) and the actual cost at the time of purchase. [1] The price of an item is often affected by the quantity of items ordered, and this is taken into consideration.
Starting from a constant volatility approach, assume that the derivative's underlying asset price follows a standard model for geometric Brownian motion: = + where is the constant drift (i.e. expected return) of the security price , is the constant volatility, and is a standard Wiener process with zero mean and unit rate of variance.
The formulas used above to convert returns or volatility measures from one time period to another assume a particular underlying model or process. These formulas are accurate extrapolations of a random walk, or Wiener process, whose steps have finite variance. However, more generally, for natural stochastic processes, the precise relationship ...
The volatilities in the market for 90 days are 18% and for 180 days 16.6%. In our notation we have , = 18% and , = 16.6% (treating a year as 360 days). We want to find the forward volatility for the period starting with day 91 and ending with day 180.
There are two reasons actual sales can vary from planned sales: either the volume sold varied from the expected quantity, known as sales volume variance, or the price point at which units were sold differed from the expected price points, known as sales price variance. Both scenarios could also simultaneously contribute to the variance.
In variance analysis (accounting) direct material total variance is the difference between the actual cost of actual number of units produced and its budgeted cost in terms of material. Direct material total variance can be divided into two components: the direct material price variance, the direct material usage variance.
Realized variance or realised variance (RV, see spelling differences) is the sum of squared returns.For instance the RV can be the sum of squared daily returns for a particular month, which would yield a measure of price variation over this month.
Price dispersion can be viewed as a measure of trading frictions (or, tautologically, as a violation of the law of one price). It is often attributed to consumer search costs or unmeasured attributes (such as the reputation) of the retailing outlets involved. There is a difference between price dispersion and price discrimination. The latter ...