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Personal data, also known as personal information or personally identifiable information (PII), [1] [2] [3] is any information related to an identifiable person.. The abbreviation PII is widely used in the United States, but the phrase it abbreviates has four common variants based on personal or personally, and identifiable or identifying.
The right to privacy is protected also by more than 600 laws in the states and by a dozen federal laws, like those protecting health and student information, also limiting electronic surveillance. [46] As of 2022 however, only five states had data privacy laws. [47]
PII gathering is often associated with violation of privacy and is often opposed by privacy advocates. Democratic countries, such as the United States and those in the European Union have more developed privacy laws against PII gathering. Laws in the European Union offer more comprehensive and uniform protection of personal data. In the United ...
To protect the privacy and liberty rights of individuals, federal agencies must state "the authority (whether granted by statute, or by Executive order of the President) which authorizes the solicitation of the information and whether disclosure of such information is mandatory or voluntary" when requesting information.
State laws are enforced by respective state attorneys general or designated state agencies. The privacy laws in the U.S. reflect a complex landscape shaped by sector-specific requirements and state-level variations, illustrating the challenge of protecting privacy in a federated system of government.
Currently the FTC version of the Fair Information Principles are only recommendations for maintaining privacy-friendly, consumer-oriented data collection practices, and are not enforceable by law. The enforcement of and adherence to these principles is principally performed through self-regulation.
This law has been amended by the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 (Pub. L. 113–283 (text)), sometimes known as FISMA2014 or FISMA Reform. FISMA2014 struck subchapters II and III of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, amending it with the text of the new law in a new subchapter II (44 U.S.C. § 3551).
Signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 17, 2002 The Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act , (" CIPSEA "), is a United States federal law enacted in 2002 as Title V of the E-Government Act of 2002 ( Pub. L. 107–347 (text) (PDF) , 116 Stat. 2899 , 44 U.S.C. § 101 ).