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The net exports is the part of GDP which is not consumed by domestic demand: N X = Y − ( C + I + G ) = Y − Domestic demand {\displaystyle NX=Y-(C+I+G)=Y-{\text{Domestic demand}}} If we transform the identity for net exports by subtracting consumption, investment and government spending we get the national accounts identity:
The Keynesian cross diagram is a formulation of the central ideas in Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.It first appeared as a central component of macroeconomic theory as it was taught by Paul Samuelson in his textbook, Economics: An Introductory Analysis.
Warranted growth rate is the rate of growth at which the economy does not expand indefinitely or go into recession. Actual growth is the real rate increase in a country's GDP per year. (See also: Gross domestic product and Natural gross domestic product). Natural growth is the growth an economy requires to maintain full employment. For example ...
Important macroeconomic variables include the overall price level, the interest rate, the level of employment, and income (or equivalently output) measured in real terms. The classical tradition of partial equilibrium theory had been to split the economy into separate markets, each of whose equilibrium conditions could be stated as a single ...
An increased deficit by the national government shifts the IS curve to the right. This raises the equilibrium interest rate (from i 1 to i 2) and national income (from Y 1 to Y 2), as shown in the graph above. The equilibrium level of national income in the IS–LM diagram is referred to as aggregate demand.
The efficient level of capital income tax in the steady state has been studied in the context of a general equilibrium model and Judd (1985) has shown that the optimal tax rate is zero. [6] However, Chamley (1986) says that in reaching the steady state (in the short run) a high capital income tax is an efficient revenue source. [7]
In most simple microeconomic stories of supply and demand a static equilibrium is observed in a market; however, economic equilibrium can be also dynamic. Equilibrium may also be economy-wide or general, as opposed to the partial equilibrium of a single market. Equilibrium can change if there is a change in demand or supply conditions.
Here we have an economy with zero marginal taxes and zero transfer payments. If these figures were substituted into the multiplier formula, the resulting figure would be 2.5. This figure would give us the instance where a (for instance) $1 billion change in expenditure would lead to a $2.5 billion change in equilibrium real GDP.