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But they can also be caused by bus errors introduced by other failing components, like memory or I/O devices. Possible causes include: Poor CPU cooling due to a CPU heatsink and case fans (or filters) that's clogged with dust or has come loose. Overclocking beyond the highest clock rate at which the CPU is still reliable. Failing motherboard.
As such, the MRC is a part of the BIOS (or firmware) of an Intel motherboard. George Chen, a research and development (R&D) director at ASUS, described it in 2007 as follows: [1] The MRC is part of reference BIOS code, which relates to memory initialization in the BIOS.
WHEA "builds on the PCI Express Advanced Reporting to provide more detailed information about system errors and a common reporting structure." [4] WHEA allows third-party software to interact with the operating system and react to certain hardware events.
During the POST, the BIOS must integrate multiple competing, changing, and even mutually exclusive standards and initiatives for the matrix of hardware and operating systems the PC is expected to support, although at most only simple memory tests and the setup screen are displayed.
Some motherboards have a built-in display to diagnose hardware problems. Most also report POST errors with audible beeps, if a PC speaker is attached. Such motherboards make POST cards less necessary. When these diagnostic cards were first introduced motherboards were expensive and well worth troubleshooting and repairing.
Read errors on a sector will not remap the sector immediately (since the correct value cannot be read and so the value to remap is not known, and also it might become readable later); instead, the drive firmware remembers that the sector needs to be remapped, and will remap it the next time it has been successfully read.
Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes on a machine or a system.It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem in order to solve it, and make the product or process operational again.
The normal memory reads issued by the CPU or DMA devices are checked for ECC errors, but due to data locality reasons they can be confined to a small range of addresses and keeping other memory locations untouched for a very long time. These locations can become vulnerable to more than one soft error, while scrubbing ensures the checking of the ...