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Steam distillation once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds, but it has been replaced in many such uses by vacuum distillation and supercritical fluid extraction. It is however much simpler and economical than those alternatives, and remains important in certain industrial sectors.
Like vacuum distillation, steam distillation is a method for distilling compounds which are heat-sensitive. [1]: 151–153 The temperature of the steam is easier to control than the surface of a heating element and allows a high rate of heat transfer without heating at a very high temperature. This process involves bubbling steam through a ...
Fragrance extraction refers to the separation process of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression, sieving, or enfleurage. [1] The results of the extracts are either essential oils , absolutes , concretes , or butters , depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product.
There are three main methods of extracting the oil from the plant material: Steam distillation, which produces an essential oil called rose otto or attar of roses. Solvent extraction, which results in an absolute called rose absolute. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, yielding a concrete that may be marketed as a concrete, absolute or CO ...
The enfleurage fragrance extraction method is one of the oldest. It is also highly inefficient and costly but was the sole method of extracting the fragrant compounds in delicate flowers such as jasmine and tuberose, which would be destroyed or denatured by the high temperatures required by methods of fragrance extraction such as steam distillation.
The Likens-Nickerson apparatus is a piece of laboratory glassware devised by Sam T. Likens and Gail B. Nickerson for the detection of hop oil constituents in 1964. [1] The apparatus performs a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction.
When documenting the process, it’s important to not just list your milestones, but also to reflect on the challenges you’ve overcome while quitting. This allows you to be proud of how far you ...
Distillation similarly is used in wastewater treatment plants and produces approximate results; 15-32% of the VFAs are lost during distillation. Steam distillation can recover 92-98% of a samples VFA. This method is more precise than previous two methods, but requires about 4 hours to complete.