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Some Native American women bought African slaves but, unknown to European sellers, the women freed the African men and married them into their respective tribes. [90] If an African-American man had children by a Native American woman, their children were free because of the status of the mother. [90]
Melungeon (/ m ə ˈ l ʌ n dʒ ən / mə-LUN-jən) (sometimes also spelled Malungean, Melangean, Melungean, Melungin [3]) was a slur [4] historically applied to individuals and families of mixed-race ancestry with roots in colonial Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina primarily descended from free people of color and white settlers.
Some of the most prominent in the 19th century were "mixed-blood" or mixed-race descendants of fur traders and Native American women along the northern frontier. The fur traders tended to be men of social standing and they often married or had relationships with daughters of Native American chiefs, consolidating social standing on both sides.
At that time, the government did not have a separate census designation for Native Americans. Those who remained among the European-American communities were frequently listed as mulatto, a term applied to Native American-white, Native American-African, and African-white mixed-race people, as well as tri-racial people. [43]
Historically, mixed-race European-Native American and sometimes full blood Native American families of the South adopted the term "Black Dutch" for their own use, and to a lesser extent, "Black Irish," first in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. As the researcher Paul Heinegg noted, the frontier was also the area of settlement of mixed ...
Many Americans today are multi-racial without knowing it. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, 75% of all African Americans had mixed ancestries, usually European and Native American. [52] In 2010, the number of Americans who checked both "black" and "white" on their census forms was 134 percent higher than it had been a decade earlier. [53]
Certain Native American tribes of the Inocoplo family in Texas referred to themselves as "mulatto". [111] At one time, Florida's laws declared that a person from any number of mixed ancestries would be legally defined as a mulatto, including White/Hispanic, Black/Native American, and just about any other mix as well. [112]
Pardo means being mixed without specifying which mixture; [27] it was used to describe anyone born in the Americas whose ancestry was a mixture of European, Native American, and African. [28] When the First Mexican Republic was established in 1824, legal racial categories ceased to exist.