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  2. Neutrino - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

    The neutrino [a] was postulated first by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain how beta decay could conserve energy, momentum, and angular momentum ().In contrast to Niels Bohr, who proposed a statistical version of the conservation laws to explain the observed continuous energy spectra in beta decay, Pauli hypothesized an undetected particle that he called a "neutron", using the same -on ending ...

  3. Conservation of mass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass

    The law of conservation of mass and the analogous law of conservation of energy were finally generalized and unified into the principle of massenergy equivalence, described by Albert Einstein's equation =. Special relativity also redefines the concept of mass and energy, which can be used interchangeably and are defined relative to the frame ...

  4. Vis viva - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_viva

    Vis viva (from the Latin for "living force") is a historical term used to describe a quantity similar to kinetic energy in an early formulation of the principle of conservation of energy. Overview [ edit ]

  5. Mass–energy equivalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenergy_equivalence

    Massenergy equivalence states that all objects having mass, or massive objects, have a corresponding intrinsic energy, even when they are stationary.In the rest frame of an object, where by definition it is motionless and so has no momentum, the mass and energy are equal or they differ only by a constant factor, the speed of light squared (c 2).

  6. Effective mass (solid-state physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_mass_(solid...

    For electrons or electron holes in a solid, the effective mass is usually stated as a factor multiplying the rest mass of an electron, m e (9.11 × 10 −31 kg). This factor is usually in the range 0.01 to 10, but can be lower or higher—for example, reaching 1,000 in exotic heavy fermion materials , or anywhere from zero to infinity ...

  7. Binding energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_energy

    Electron binding energy, more commonly known as ionization energy, [3] is a measure of the energy required to free an electron from its atomic orbital or from a solid. The electron binding energy derives from the electromagnetic interaction of the electron with the nucleus and the other electrons of the atom , molecule or solid and is mediated ...

  8. Kinetic theory of gases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases

    Therefore, the kinetic energy per kelvin of one mole of monatomic ideal gas (D = 3) is = =, where is the Avogadro constant, and R is the ideal gas constant. Thus, the ratio of the kinetic energy to the absolute temperature of an ideal monatomic gas can be calculated easily:

  9. First law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

    The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes.The law distinguishes two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work, that modify a thermodynamic system containing a constant amount of matter.