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Cyclopentolate was first synthesized in 1952 as a chemical analogue of atropine. It was one of several derivatives of an analogue to tropic acid which were tested for pharmacological action "in a search for new and better antispasmodic agents." [15] Brand names for cyclopentolate include Cyclogyl, Cylate, Mydrilate, and Pentolair. [16]
Cycloplegic drugs are generally muscarinic receptor antagonists such as atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine, scopolamine and tropicamide.
Important [5] muscarinic antagonists include atropine, hyoscyamine, hyoscine butylbromide and hydrobromide, ipratropium, tropicamide, cyclopentolate, pirenzepine and scopalamine. Muscarinic antagonists such as ipratropium bromide can also be effective in treating asthma , since acetylcholine is known to cause smooth muscle contraction ...
Mechanism of action. Cevimeline is a cholinergic agonist. [2] It has a particular effect on M 1 and M 3 receptors. [2]
Tropicamide induces transient stinging and a slight and transient rise in intraocular pressure in the majority of patients. It may cause redness or conjunctivitis (inflammation) and also blurs near vision for a short while after instillation (care must be taken, and the patient must only drive when vision returns to normal).
Preclinical data supports the hypothesis that xanomeline's central mechanism of action is mediated primarily through stimulation of brain muscarinic M 4 and M 1 receptors. [5] M 4 muscarinic receptors are most highly expressed in the midbrain, which controls motor and action planning, decision-making, motivation, reinforcement, and reward ...
Homatropine is less potent than atropine and has a shorter duration of action. It is available as the hydrobromide salt . Homatropine is also given as an atropine substitute, [ 1 ] given to reverse the muscarinic and CNS effects associated with indirect cholinomimetic (anti-AChase) administration.
Cholinergic blocking drugs are a group of drugs that block the action of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, in synapses of the cholinergic nervous system. [1] They block acetylcholine from binding to cholinergic receptors, namely the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.