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It contains coupled non-linear equations that are derived from the Gibbs function. These equations are formulated in the equation of state of seawater, also called the equation of seawater. This equation relates the thermodynamic properties of the ocean (density, temperature, salinity and pressure). These equations are based on empirical ...
Temperature and salinity combine to determine the potential density of seawater; contours of constant potential density are often shown in T-S diagrams. Each contour is known as an isopycnal, or a region of constant density. These isopycnals appear curved because of the nonlinearity of the equation of state of seawater.
Buoyancy-forced downwelling, often termed convection, is the deepening of a water parcel due to a change in the density of that parcel.Density changes in the surface ocean are primarily the result of evaporation, precipitation, heating, cooling, or the introduction and mixing of an alternate water or salinity source, such as river input or brine rejection.
Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. Data from the World Ocean Atlas 2009. [1] International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) standard seawater. Salinity (/ s ə ˈ l ɪ n ɪ t i /) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity).
EOS-80 (Equation of State of Seawater -1980) uses Practical Salinity measured on the PSS-78 (Practical Salinity Scale of 1978) scale that itself is based on measurements of temperature, pressure and electrical conductivity. Thus, EOS-80 did not account for different chemical compositions of seawater. [2]
The temperature at zero depth is the sea surface temperature. The ocean temperature plays a crucial role in the global climate system, ocean currents and for marine habitats. It varies depending on depth, geographical location and season. Not only does the temperature differ in seawater, so does the salinity.
Thus, they are essentially equations of state, and using the fundamental equations, experimental data can be used to determine sought-after quantities like G (Gibbs free energy) or H . [1] The relation is generally expressed as a microscopic change in internal energy in terms of microscopic changes in entropy , and volume for a closed system in ...
where (,,) is the specific volume, is the pressure, is the salinity, is the temperature, and is the specific volume when =, and ,, are parameters that can be fit to experimental data. The Tumlirz–Tammann version of the Tait equation for fresh water, i.e., when S = 0 {\displaystyle S=0} , is
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