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Urobilinogen is a yellow by-product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by the bacterial enzyme bilirubin reductase. [ 1 ] About half of the urobilinogen formed is reabsorbed and taken up via the portal vein to the liver, enters circulation and is excreted by the kidney.
Urobilinogen: 0.2 [2] 1.0 [2] Ehrlich units or mg/dL Free catecholamines, dopamine: 90 [3] 420 [3] μg/d Red blood cells (RBCs) 0 [4] [2] 2 [2] - 3 [4] per High Power Field (HPF) RBC casts: n/a 0 / negative [2] White blood cells (WBCs) 0 [2] 2 [2] pH: 5 [2] 7 [2] (unitless) Protein: 0: trace amounts [2] Glucose: n/a: 0 / negative [2] Ketones: n ...
Urine urobilinogen is increased in liver disease and hemolytic jaundice (jaundice due to increased destruction of red blood cells); in the latter case, urine bilirubin is typically negative. In bile duct obstruction, urine bilirubin increases but urobilinogen is normal or decreased, as bilirubin cannot reach the intestines to be converted to ...
Intestinal bacteria reduce the bilirubin to urobilinogen, which is later oxidised and either excreted with the faeces as stercobilin or in the urine as urobilin. Conjugated bilirubin appears in urine when the normal degradation cycle is altered due to the obstruction of the biliary ducts or when the kidney's functional integrity is damaged.
Urobilin is generated from the degradation of heme, which is first degraded through biliverdin to bilirubin. Bilirubin is then excreted as bile, which is further degraded by microbes present in the large intestine to urobilinogen. The enzyme responsible for the degradation is bilirubin reductase, which was identified in 2024.
In medicine, bilirubinuria is an abnormality in which conjugated bilirubin is detected in the urine. [1] The term "biliuria" is very similar, but more general. It refers to the presence of any bile pigment in the urine. Conjugated bilirubin is detected in urine at bilirubinemia of approximately 30-34 mmol/L or 2 mg/dL.
Gmelin's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of bile pigments in urine.It is named after Leopold Gmelin, who introduced the test. [1] [2] [3] Five millilitres of urine is slowly added to five millilitres of concentrated nitric acid in a test-tube.
Ehrlich reagent can be used to detect urobilinogen, which can indicate jaundice or other liver-related issues. A very common Ehrlich test is a simple spot test to identify possible psychoactive compounds such as tryptamines (e.g. DMT) and lysergamides (e.g. LSD). It gives a negative test-result for 25I-NBOMe and many other non-indole-related ...