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The turn indicator is a gyroscopic instrument that works on the principle of precession.The gyro is mounted in a gimbal.The gyro's rotational axis is in-line with the lateral (pitch) axis of the aircraft, while the gimbal has limited freedom around the longitudinal (roll) axis of the aircraft.
The position of all three axes, with the right-hand rule for describing the angle of its rotations. An aircraft in flight is free to rotate in three dimensions: yaw, nose left or right about an axis running up and down; pitch, nose up or down about an axis running from wing to wing; and roll, rotation about an axis running from nose to tail.
x w axis - positive in the direction of the velocity vector of the aircraft relative to the air; z w axis - perpendicular to the x w axis, in the plane of symmetry of the aircraft, positive below the aircraft; y w axis - perpendicular to the x w,z w-plane, positive determined by the right hand rule (generally, positive to the right)
Diagram of how an aileron roll is performed in relation to other common rolls. The aileron roll is an aerobatic maneuver in which an aircraft does a full 360° revolution about its longitudinal axis. When executed properly, there is no appreciable change in altitude and the aircraft exits the maneuver on the same heading as it entered.
To maintain level flight requires increased positive (up) elevator to increase the angle of attack, increase the total lift generated and keep the vertical component of lift equal with the weight of the aircraft. This cannot continue indefinitely. The total load factor required to maintain level flight is directly related to the bank angle ...
A yaw rotation is a movement around the yaw axis of a rigid body that changes the direction it is pointing, to the left or right of its direction of motion. The yaw rate or yaw velocity of a car, aircraft, projectile or other rigid body is the angular velocity of this rotation, or rate of change of the heading angle when the aircraft is horizontal.
The longitudinal stability of an aircraft, also called pitch stability, [2] refers to the aircraft's stability in its plane of symmetry [2] about the lateral axis (the axis along the wingspan). [1] It is an important aspect of the handling qualities of the aircraft, and one of the main factors determining the ease with which the pilot is able ...
The heading indicator is arranged such that the gyro axis is used to drive the display, which consists of a circular compass card calibrated in degrees. The gyroscope is spun either electrically, or using filtered air flow from a suction pump (sometimes a pressure pump in high altitude aircraft) driven from the aircraft's engine .