Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Negative reciprocity occurs when an action that has a negative effect on someone is returned with an action that has an approximately equal negative effect. [ 23 ] [ 28 ] For example, if an individual commits a violent act against a person, it is expected that person would return with a similar act of violence.
Some forms of reciprocity are thus closely related to redistribution, where goods and services are collected by a central figure for eventual distribution to followers. [2] Marshall Sahlins, an American cultural anthropologist, identified three main types of reciprocity (generalized, balanced and negative) in the book Stone Age Economics (1972 ...
"A negative norm of reciprocity represents the means by which individuals act against unfavourable treatments, and functions to keep balance in social systems". [6] In contrast to the positive reciprocity norm, the negative reciprocity norm emphasizes the return of unfavourable treatment as an appropriate response to a misdeed.
Reciprocity (social and political philosophy), concept of reciprocity as in-kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others; relation to justice; related ideas such as gratitude, mutuality, and the Golden Rule; Reciprocity (social psychology), in-kind positive or negative responses of individuals towards the actions of others
Reciprocity, in its ordinary dictionary sense, is broader than that, and broader than all discussions that begin with a sense of mutuality and mutual benevolence. (See the reference below to Becker, Reciprocity, and the bibliographic essays therein.) Reciprocity pointedly covers arm’s-length dealings between egoistic or mutually disinterested ...
Reciprocal players are willing to reward behaviour that is just or fair, and to punish unjust or unfair behaviour. Empirical evidence suggests that positive and negative reciprocity are fundamentally different behavioral dispositions in the sense that the values for positive and negative reciprocity in individuals are only weakly correlated and that these values correlate differently with ...
Balanced or Symmetrical reciprocity occurs when someone gives to someone else, expecting a fair and tangible return at a specified amount, time, and place. Market or negative reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services where each party intends to profit from the exchange, often at the expense of the other. Gift economies, or generalized ...
Reciprocity as a transactional pattern of interdependent exchanges; Reciprocity as a folk belief; Reciprocity as a moral norm; A generalized exchange involves indirect reciprocity between three or more individuals. [47] For example, one person gives to another and the recipient responds by giving to another person other than the first person.