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Oxalobacter formigenes is a Gram negative oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium that was first isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a sheep in 1985. [1] To date, the bacterium has been found to colonize the large intestines of numerous vertebrates, including humans, and has even been isolated from freshwater sediment. [2]
After the development of kidney failure patients may get deposits of oxalate in the bones, joints and bone marrow. Severe cases may develop haematological problems such as anaemia and thrombocytopaenia. The deposition of oxalate in the body is sometimes called "oxalosis" to be distinguished from "oxaluria" which refers to oxalate in the urine.
Oxalate also forms coordination compounds where it is sometimes abbreviated as ox. It is commonly encountered as a bidentate ligand. When the oxalate chelates to a single metal center, it always adopts the planar conformation. As a bidentate ligand, it forms a 5-membered MC 2 O 2 ring. An illustrative complex is potassium ferrioxalate, K 3 [Fe ...
The term nephrocalcinosis is used to describe the deposition of both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. [1] It may cause acute kidney injury. It is now more commonly used to describe diffuse, fine, renal parenchymal calcification in radiology. [2] It is caused by multiple different conditions and is determined by progressive kidney dysfunction.
Oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase is extremely important for the elimination of ingested oxalates found in human foodstuffs like coffee, tea, and chocolate, [2] and the ingestion of such foods in the absence of Oxalobacter formigenes in the gut can result in kidney disease or even death as a result of oxalate poisoning.
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Oxalate oxidase （Enzyme Commission number EC 1.2.3.4 [2] ）occurs mainly in plants. It can degrade oxalic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. [3]Oxalate decarboxylase (OXDC，EC 4.1.1.2) is a kind of oxalate degrading enzyme containing Mn 2+, [4] found mainly in fungi or some bacteria.
Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Dietary oxalate is found in many vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Calcium from bone may also play a role in kidney stone formation. Calcium phosphate: 10–20%