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A drug test (also often toxicology screen or tox screen) is a technical analysis of a biological specimen, for example urine, hair, blood, breath, sweat, or oral fluid/saliva—to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites.
Traditional techniques typically take between 12 and 48 hours, [6] although it can take up to five days. [28] In contrast, rapid testing using molecular diagnostics is defined as "being feasible within an 8-h(our) working shift". [6] Progress has been slow due to a range of reasons including cost and regulation. [40]
Once infectious causes ruled out, noninfectious causes should be investigated. These include a history of chemical irritation from recent surgery or chemicals injected into the subarachnoid space such as spinal anesthesia, other inflammatory or vascular conditions such as sarcoidosis or vasculitis, as well as Neoplastic conditions such as ...
Metronidazole: Flagyl: Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis: Discolored urine, headache, metallic taste, nausea; alcohol is contraindicated: Produces toxic free radicals that disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria ...
Metronidazole, sold under the brand name Flagyl among others, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. [10] It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis, and bacterial vaginosis. [10]
Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. [60] [61] While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects. [62]
Etest is a quantitative technique for determining the MIC of microoganisms. It is used for a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Pseudomonas, [2] [3] Staphylococcus, [4] and Enterococcus species, [5] as well as fastidious bacteria, such as Neisseria and Streptococcus pneumoniae. [1]
An auxiliary label (also called cautionary and advisory label or prescription drug warning label) is a label added on to a dispensed medication package by a pharmacist in addition to the usual prescription label. These labels are intended to provide supplementary information regarding the safe administration, use, and storage of the medication. [1]