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Oligohydramnios is a medical condition in pregnancy characterized by a deficiency of amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds the fetus in the abdomen, in the amniotic sac. The limiting case is anhydramnios , where there is a complete absence of amniotic fluid.
Oligohydramnios is the cause of Potter sequence, but there are many things that can lead to oligohydramnios. It can be caused by renal diseases such as bilateral renal agenesis (BRA), atresia of the ureter or urethra causing obstruction of the urinary tract, polycystic or multicystic kidney diseases, renal hypoplasia , amniotic rupture ...
Oligohydramnios can sometimes be treated with bed rest, oral and intravenous hydration, antibiotics, steroids, and amnioinfusion. [citation needed] The opposite of oligohydramnios is polyhydramnios, an excess volume of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare but very often fatal condition for both mother and child.
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Fetal viability after the procedure should be confirmed by observing adequate fetal cardiac activity. [1] [4] The number of needle puncture attempts should be documented. [1] There is little scientific data supporting administration of prophylactic antibiotics prior to an amniocentesis and therefore, it is currently not recommended. [2]
Amnioinfusion is a method in which isotonic fluid is instilled into the uterine cavity.. It was introduced in the 1960s as a means of terminating pregnancy and inducing labor in intrauterine death, but is currently used as a treatment in order to correct fetal heart rate changes caused by umbilical cord compression, indicated by variable decelerations seen on fetal heart rate monitoring.
Tocolytics are used in preterm labor, which refers to when a baby is born too early before 37 weeks of pregnancy. As preterm birth represents one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, the goal is to prevent neonatal morbidity and mortality through delaying delivery and increasing gestational age by gaining more time for other management strategies like corticosteroids ...
There are three energy-transducing enzymes in the electron transport chain - NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase (complex III), and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV). [1] Complex I is the largest and most complicated enzyme of the electron transport chain. [2] The reaction catalyzed by complex I is: