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Kant believed that human beings naturally have a tendency to be evil. He explains radical evil as corruption that entirely takes over a human being and leads to desires acting against the universal moral law. The outcome of one's natural tendency, or innate propensity, towards evil are actions or "deeds" that subordinate the moral law.
The problem of evil has been extended to non-human life forms, to include suffering of non-human animal species from natural evils and human cruelty against them. [ 12 ] According to scholars [ a ] , most philosophers see the logical problem of evil as having been fully rebutted by various defenses.
Moral universalism is the attempt to find a compromise between the absolutist sense of morality, and the relativist view; universalism claims that morality is only flexible to a degree, and that what is truly good or evil can be determined by examining what is commonly considered to be evil amongst all humans.
In The Science of Good and Evil, science historian Michael Shermer investigates the evolutionary and psychological roots of human morality. The book delves into fundamental questions regarding human conduct, and the reasons behind behaviors such as cheating, gossiping, altruism, generosity, and adherence to ethical standards like the Golden Rule.
In many Abrahamic religions, demons are considered to be evil beings and are contrasted with angels, who are their good contemporaries.. Evil, by one definition, is being bad and acting out morally incorrect behavior; or it is the condition of causing unnecessary pain and suffering, thus containing a net negative on the world.
The ancient Egyptian religion, according to Roland Enmarch, potentially absolved their gods from any blame for evil, and used a negative cosmology and the negative concept of human nature to explain evil. [114] Further, the Pharaoh was seen as an agent of the gods and his actions as a king were aimed to prevent evil and curb evilness in human ...
Secular humanism posits that human beings are capable of being ethical and moral without religion or belief in a deity. It does not, however, assume that humans are either inherently good or evil, nor does it present humans as being superior to nature. Rather, the humanist life stance emphasizes the unique responsibility facing humanity and the ...
According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in other primate societies. Humans enforce their society's moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. People also apply a degree of judgment and reason not seen in the animal kingdom. [citation needed]