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The CMU Pronouncing Dictionary (also known as CMUdict) is an open-source pronouncing dictionary originally created by the Speech Group at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) for use in speech recognition research. CMUdict provides a mapping orthographic/phonetic for English words in their North American pronunciations.
Some dictionaries, such as the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provide a separate transcription for each. British and American English dialects have a similar set of phonemes , but some are pronounced differently; in technical parlance, they consist of different phones .
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (abbreviated AHD) uses a phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet to transcribe the pronunciation of spoken English. It and similar respelling systems, such as those used by the Merriam-Webster and Random House dictionaries, are familiar to US schoolchildren.
It represents phonemes and allophones of General American English with distinct sequences of ASCII characters. Two systems, one representing each segment with one character (alternating upper- and lower-case letters) and the other with one or two (case-insensitive), were devised, the latter being far more widely adopted.
The precursor to the English Pronouncing Dictionary was A Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language by Hermann Michaelis and Daniel Jones, [3] [4] published in Germany in 1913. In this work, the headwords of the dictionary were listed in phonemic transcription, followed by their spelling form, so the user needed to be aware of the phonemic ...
barred dotless small j (or turned f in some fonts) d͡ʒ or d͡ʑ: can be written as ȷ or f k̫ ɡ̫ m̫ x̫ p̫ ʒ̫ j̫ etc. subscript w: labialization: kʷ ɡʷ mʷ ʍ pʷ ʒʷ ɥʷ etc. mark may appear above letters with descenders like [ɡ] or [ŋ]. removed 1989: ʆ: curly-tail esh: voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative: ɕ: variant, also ...
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
The bullseye or bull's eye (ʘ) symbol used in phonetic transcription of the phoneme was made an official part of the International Phonetic Alphabet in 1979, but had existed for at least 50 years earlier. It is encoded in Unicode as U+0298 ʘ LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK. The superscript IPA version is U+107B5 MODIFIER LETTER BILABIAL CLICK. [5]