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S-(+)-Carvone is the principal constituent (60–70%) of the oil from caraway seeds (Carum carvi), [8] which is produced on a scale of about 10 tonnes per year. [3] It also occurs to the extent of about 40–60% in dill seed oil (from Anethum graveolens), and also in mandarin orange peel oil.
In chemistry, racemization is a conversion, by heat or by chemical reaction, of an optically active compound into a racemic (optically inactive) form. This creates a 1:1 molar ratio of enantiomers and is referred to as a racemic mixture (i.e. contain equal amount of (+) and (−) forms).
In 1908, it was reported that exposure of carvone to "Italian sunlight" for one year gives carvone-camphor. [2] Subsequent investigations demonstrated the utility of the photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition of enones to alkenes, requiring only "sunlight in California for 6.5 months". [3] [4]
A single Adderall dose combines the neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and D/L-amphetamine aspartate monohydrate. The original Benzedrine was a racemic mixture, and isolated dextroamphetamine was later introduced to the market as Dexedrine.
Only the dextro-isomer (dextropropoxyphene) has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert only an antitussive effect. It was formerly marketed in the U.S. by Eli Lilly under the tradename Novrad (a reversal of Darvon) as an antitussive. [1] [2] Unlike many antitussives, it binds poorly to the sigma-1 receptor. [3]
Dextropropoxyphene [5] is an analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 [6] and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company.It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene.It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive (cough suppressant) and local anaesthetic effects.
[1] [2] It is also used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewables-based solvent in cleaning products. [1] The less common (-)-isomer has a piny, turpentine-like odor, and is found in the edible parts of such plants as caraway, dill, and bergamot orange plants. [3] Limonene takes its name from Italian limone ("lemon"). [4]
Dextrorphan (DXO) is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and in high doses a dissociative hallucinogen.It is the dextrorotatory enantiomer of racemorphan; the levorotatory enantiomer is levorphanol.