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S-(+)-Carvone is the principal constituent (60–70%) of the oil from caraway seeds (Carum carvi), [8] which is produced on a scale of about 10 tonnes per year. [3] It also occurs to the extent of about 40–60% in dill seed oil (from Anethum graveolens), and also in mandarin orange peel oil.
In chemistry, racemization is a conversion, by heat or by chemical reaction, of an optically active compound into a racemic (optically inactive) form. This creates a 1:1 molar ratio of enantiomers and is referred to as a racemic mixture (i.e. contain equal amount of (+) and (−) forms).
A single Adderall dose combines the neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and D/L-amphetamine aspartate monohydrate. The original Benzedrine was a racemic mixture, and isolated dextroamphetamine was later introduced to the market as Dexedrine.
Levopropoxyphene is an antitussive.It is an optical isomer of dextropropoxyphene.The racemic mixture is called propoxyphene.Only the dextro-isomer (dextropropoxyphene) has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert only an antitussive effect.
In 1908, it was reported that exposure of carvone to "Italian sunlight" for one year gives carvone-camphor. [2] Subsequent investigations demonstrated the utility of the photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition of enones to alkenes, requiring only "sunlight in California for 6.5 months". [3] [4]
The second plateau (2.5 to 7.5 mg/kg) causes intense euphoria, vivid imagination, and closed-eye hallucinations. The third and fourth plateaus (7.5 mg/kg and over) cause profound alterations in consciousness, and users often report out-of-body experiences or temporary psychosis.
Structures of the two enantiomeric forms (S left, R right) of mecoprop Enantiomers of citalopram. The top is (R)-citalopram and the bottom is -citalopram. An example of such an enantiomer is the sedative thalidomide, which was sold in a number of countries around the world from 1957 until 1961. It was withdrawn from the market when it was found ...
Levmetamfetamine is excreted in urine 40.8 to 49.0% as unchanged levmetamfetamine and 2.1 to 3.3% as levoamphetamine. [2] [4] [3] The mean elimination half-life of levmetamfetamine ranges between 10.2 and 15.0 hours. [2] [4] For comparison, the elimination half-life of dextromethamphetamine was around 10.2 to 10.7 hours in the same studies.