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Lexical and structural agraphia are caused by damage to the orthographic memory; these individuals cannot visualize the spelling of a word, though they do retain the ability to sound them out. [2] This impaired spelling memory can imply the loss or degradation of the knowledge or just an inability to efficiently access it. [2]
Dyslexia is believed to be caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. [2] Some cases run in families. [3] Dyslexia that develops due to a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia is sometimes called "acquired dyslexia" [1] or alexia. [3]
Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling. Characteristic features of dyslexia are difficulties in phonological awareness, verbal memory and verbal processing speed. Dyslexia occurs across the range of intellectual abilities.
The difficulties are not due to weakness of muscles, but rather on coordination between the brain and the specific parts of the body. [2] [3] Apraxia of speech is the acquired form of this disorder caused by brain injury, stroke or dementia.
Hypokinesia is characterized by a partial or complete loss of muscle movement due to a disruption in the basal ganglia. [citation needed] Hypokinesia is a symptom of Parkinson's disease shown as muscle rigidity and an inability to produce movement. It is also associated with mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness ...
Aphasia is a language disorder that is caused by damage to the tissue in the language center in the brain. [12] The type of incident that most often causes Aphasia is stroke but can also occur due to traumatic brain injury, infection, tumors, and degenerative brain disorders.
Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [1] [2] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [1]
Additionally, children show a greater difficulty throughout schooling when spelling words with irregular or unusual orthographies when compared to their other children. Research also shows that dyslexic children have primary difficulties in phonological processing and secondary difficulties in orthographic processing, aiding to the distinction ...