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At standard temperature and pressure, pure xenon gas has a density of 5.894 kg/m 3, about 4.5 times the density of the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, 1.217 kg/m 3. [52] As a liquid, xenon has a density of up to 3.100 g/mL, with the density maximum occurring at the triple point. [53]
Most of the xenon atoms are ionized to a net charge of +1, but a noticeable fraction (c. 20%) have +2 net charge. The xenon ions are then accelerated by the electric field between the anode and the cathode. For discharge voltages of 300 V, the ions reach speeds of around 15 km/s (9.3 mi/s) for a specific impulse of 1,500 s (15 kN·s/kg).
This limits the thrust density (force per cross-sectional area of the engine). [4] Ion thrusters create small thrust levels (the thrust of Deep Space 1 is approximately equal to the weight of one sheet of paper [ 4 ] ) compared to conventional chemical rockets , but achieve high specific impulse , or propellant mass efficiency, by accelerating ...
The amount of mass that can be lifted by hydrogen in air per unit volume at sea level, equal to the density difference between hydrogen and air, is: (1.292 - 0.090) kg/m 3 = 1.202 kg/m 3. and the buoyant force for one m 3 of hydrogen in air at sea level is: 1 m 3 × 1.202 kg/m 3 × 9.8 N/kg= 11.8 N
Xenon Radon; Density, solid at triple point ... Xenon: 4000–5000 Radon is available only in very small quantities, and due to its short half-life, ...
It has a low viscosity at low temperature, has limited ranges of density and calorific value, burns cleanly, and remains chemically stable when heated to high temperature. [ 15 ] Aviation gasoline , often referred to as avgas or 100-LL ( low-lead ), is a highly refined form of gasoline for aircraft, with an emphasis on purity, anti-knock ...
RDX, when exploded in air, has about 1.5 times the explosive energy of TNT per unit weight and about 2.0 times per unit volume. [ 56 ] [ 77 ] RDX is insoluble in water, with solubility 0.05975 g/L at temperature of 25 °C.
As noted the specific impulse of monopropellants is lower [3] [15] than bipropellants and can be found with the Air Force Chemical Equilibrium Specific Impulse Code tool. [16] One newer monopropellant under development is nitrous oxide, both neat and in the form of nitrous oxide fuel blends.