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Drunken trees, tilted trees, or a drunken forest, is a stand of trees rotated from their normal vertical alignment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This commonly occurs in northern subarctic taiga forests of black spruce ( Picea mariana ) under which discontinuous permafrost or ice wedges have melted, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] causing trees to tilt at various angles.
Single-stemmed trees planted at an angle (usually 45°), with fruiting spurs encouraged to form along the stem. Any side branches are removed by pruning. Any side branches are removed by pruning. Cordons take less space and crop earlier than most other forms, so more varieties can be grown in a given space, but yields are smaller per tree. [ 3 ]
The tree line follows the line where the seasonal mean temperature is approximately 6 °C or 43 °F. [12] [6] The seasonal mean temperature is taken over all days whose mean temperature is above 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). A growing season of 94 days above that temperature is required for tree growth. [13]
The trees grow to a height of 15–25 m (49–82 ft). The characteristic bark is smooth, powdery and greenish yellow, although new twigs are purple, flaking later to reveal the characteristic yellow. [4] It is one of the few trees where photosynthesis takes place in the bark. Straight, white spines grow from the branch nodes in pairs.
The hypothesis of plagiogravitropic reaction supposes some mechanism that sets the optimal orientation angle other than 90 degrees (vertical). The actual optimal angle is a multi-parameter function, depending on time, the current reorientation angle and from the distance to the base of the fungi.
In the axils of the leaves formed during later development, the axillary branch primordia do not produce more than one or two prophylls and a bud.” [2]: 5 The branches of C. garciae and C. hispidissima occur at a height of 0.6 to 1 m and the branches depart at acute angles. [2]
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The Alerce Milenario Tree is located in a ravine, in the Alerce Coster National Park. The park is 137 hectares (340 acres), and up to 1,048 m (3,438 ft) above sea level. It has a rainy temperate climate with rains all year round. Its average temperature is 12°C (53°F). The park receives about 10,000 visitors a year who visit the tree.