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2. Kidney stone disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease

   Frequency. 22.1 million (2015) [5] Deaths. 16,100 (2015) [6] Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract. [2] Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. [2]

3. Gout - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

   With aggressive treatment, they may dissolve. Kidney stones also frequently complicate gout, affecting between 10 and 40% of people, and occur due to low urine pH promoting the precipitation of uric acid. [5] Other forms of chronic kidney dysfunction may occur. [5]

4. Alkali citrate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_citrate

   Alkali citrate (also known as alkaline citrate) is an inhibitor of kidney stones. [1] It is used to increase urine citrate levels - this prevents calcium oxalate stones by binding to calcium and inhibiting its binding to oxalate. [2] It is also used to increase urine pH (alkalinize urine) - this prevents uric acid stones and cystine stones ...

5. Struvite - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struvite

   Struvite. Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is a phosphate mineral with formula: NH 4 MgPO 4 ·6H 2 O. Struvite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system as white to yellowish or brownish-white pyramidal crystals or in platy mica -like forms. It is a soft mineral with Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and has a low specific gravity of 1.7. It is ...

6. Bladder stone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone

   Bladder stones are small mineral deposits that can form in the bladder. In most cases bladder stones develop when the urine becomes very concentrated or when one is dehydrated. This allows for minerals, such as calcium or magnesium salts, to crystallize and form stones. Bladder stones vary in number, size and consistency.

7. Calculus (medicine) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_(medicine)

   Calculus (medicine) A calculus (pl.: calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body. Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis (/ ˌlɪˈθaɪəsɪs /). Stones can cause a number of medical conditions. Some common principles (below) apply to stones at any location ...