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The GATT was first conceived at the 1947 United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment (UNCTE), at which the International Trade Organization (ITO) was one of the ideas proposed. It was hoped that the ITO would be run alongside the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The economists Harry Dexter White (left) and John Maynard Keynes (right) at the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire [27]. The WTO precursor, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established by a multilateral treaty of 23 countries in 1947 after the end of World War II, in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation—such ...
November 1947 - Delegates from 56 countries meet in Havana, Cuba, to start negotiating the charter of a proposed International Trade Organisation (ITO). January 1, 1948 - GATT 1947 comes into force. March 1948 - Charter of the ITO signed but US Congress rejects it, leaving GATT as the only international instrument governing world trade.
The GATT was the only multilateral instrument governing international trade from 1946 until the WTO was established on 1 January 1995. [9] Despite attempts in the mid-1950s and 1960s to create some form of institutional mechanism for international trade, the GATT continued to operate for almost half a century as a semi-institutionalized multilateral treaty regime on a provisional basis. [10]
The International Trade Organization (ITO) was the proposed name for an international institution for the regulation of trade.. Led by the United States in collaboration with allies, the effort to form the organization from 1945 to 1948, with the successful passing of the Havana Charter, eventually failed due to lack of approval by the US Congress.
It was signed by 23 nations in Geneva on 30 October 1947, and took effect on 1 January 1948. It remained in effect until the signature by 123 nations in Marrakesh on 14 April 1994, of the Uruguay Round Agreements which established the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1 January 1995. The WTO is a successor to the GATT, and the original GATT ...
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was created in 1995 to meet the growing institutional needs of a deepening globalization. However, because of the increasing number of members and interest diversity, as well as the complication of the topics discussed (subsidies, intellectual property, etc.), liberalization negotiations have slowed down since ...
Tariff concessions worth $4.9 billion of world trade Kennedy: May 1964: 37 months: 48: Tariffs, anti-dumping: Tariff concessions worth $40 billion of world trade Tokyo: September 1973: 74 months: 102: Tariffs, non-tariff measures, "framework" agreements: Tariff reductions worth more than $300 billion achieved Uruguay: September 1986: 87 months: 123