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Cast iron pipe was superseded by ductile iron pipe, which is a direct development, with most existing manufacturing plants transitioning to the new material during the 1970s and 1980s. Ductile iron pipe is different than cast iron, because the introduction of magnesium during the casting process causes the graphite to form spheres (graphite ...
Microsoft Edge (or simply nicknamed Edge), based on the Chromium open-source project, also known as The New Microsoft Edge or New Edge, is a proprietary cross-platform web browser created by Microsoft, superseding Edge Legacy. [8] [9] [10] In Windows 11, Edge is the only browser available from Microsoft.
A pipecutter is a type of tool used to cut pipe. Depending on the metal of the pipe, a pipecutter can often provide a faster, cleaner and more convenient way of cutting pipe than using a hacksaw. There are two types of pipe cutters. Plastic tubing cutters, which resemble a pair of pruning shears, may be used for thinner pipes and tubes, such as ...
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In 1955, American shipped its first large order of ductile iron pipe. A new melting system in 1972, including the largest cupola of its kind in the world, would supply the new iron for this pipe, and American would move from a Sand Spun casting process to a generation of deLavaud metal molds, still used today.
In the late 1950s, ductile iron pipe was introduced to the marketplace, featuring higher strength and similar corrosion resistance compared to cast iron. [10] According to a 2004 study, an expected lifespan of 100 years is likely for ductile iron pipe, based on test results, field inspections and in-service operations over 50 years. [ 11 ]
Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process. Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high negative rake angle), and shears a tiny chip that is analogous to what would conventionally be called a "cut" chip (turning, milling, drilling, tapping, etc.) [citation needed].
High speed steels also found a market in fine hand tools where their relatively good toughness at high hardness, coupled with high abrasion resistance, made them suitable for low speed applications requiring a durable keen (sharp) edge, such as files, chisels, hand plane blades, and damascus kitchen knives and pocket knives.