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The Elephant Curve, also known as the Lakner-Milanovic graph or the global growth incidence curve, is a graph that illustrates the unequal distribution of income growth for individuals belonging to different income groups. [1] The original graph was published in 2013 and illustrates the change in income growth that occurred from 1988 to 2008.
Income inequality has fluctuated considerably since measurements began around 1915, declining between peaks in the 1920s and 2007 (CBO data [2]) or 2012 (Piketty, Saez, Zucman data [15]). Inequality steadily increased from around 1979 to 2007, with a small reduction through 2016, [2] [16] [17] followed by an increase from 2016 to 2018. [18]
A plot of intergenerational immobility against inequality, with the US highlighted in red (data from 2012) The "Great Gatsby Curve" is the term given to the positive empirical relationship between cross-sectional income inequality and persistence of income across generations. [1]
Thus we can find a graph with at least e − cr(G) edges and n vertices with no crossings, and is thus a planar graph. But from Euler's formula we must then have e − cr(G) ≤ 3n, and the claim follows. (In fact we have e − cr(G) ≤ 3n − 6 for n ≥ 3). To obtain the actual crossing number inequality, we now use a probabilistic argument.
Two-dimensional linear inequalities are expressions in two variables of the form: + < +, where the inequalities may either be strict or not. The solution set of such an inequality can be graphically represented by a half-plane (all the points on one "side" of a fixed line) in the Euclidean plane. [2]
In mathematics, an inequation is a statement that an inequality holds between two values. [1] [2] It is usually written in the form of a pair of expressions denoting the values in question, with a relational sign between them indicating the specific inequality relation.
In graph theory, Turán's theorem bounds the number of edges that can be included in an undirected graph that does not have a complete subgraph of a given size. It is one of the central results of extremal graph theory, an area studying the largest or smallest graphs with given properties, and is a special case of the forbidden subgraph problem on the maximum number of edges in a graph that ...
The rule states that if the nonzero terms of a single-variable polynomial with real coefficients are ordered by descending variable exponent, then the number of positive roots of the polynomial is either equal to the number of sign changes between consecutive (nonzero) coefficients, or is less than it by an even number.