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The term Dalit is for those called the "untouchables" and others that were outside of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. [6] [7] Economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956) said that untouchability came into Indian society around 400 CE, due to the struggle for supremacy between Buddhism and Brahmanism. [8]
B. R. Ambedkar with the leaders and activists of the All India Untouchable Women Conference held at Nagpur in 1942. B. R. Ambedkar, an Indian social reformer and politician who came from a social group that was considered untouchable, theorized that untouchability originated because of the deliberate policy of the Brahmins.
Historically this order of society, notions of purity and pollution were central, and activities were delineated in this context. Varṇa divides the society into four groups ordered in a hierarchy; beyond these, outside the system, lies a fifth group known as the untouchables, of which the Chandala became a constituent part. [4]
The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the untouchables under the designation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and certain economically backward Shudra castes as Other Backward Class. [259] The Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as Dalit in contemporary literature.
Mallikarjun Kharge, Indian lawyer and politician and current President of Indian National Congress. [65] Jogendra Nath Mandal, one of the central figures in creation of the state of Pakistan; later a government minister [66] Dakshayani Velayudhan, Indian politician and the sole Dalit woman in the Constituent Assembly. [67] [68]
Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 to 1936 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of 1951.
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, also referred to as the Depressed Classes Institute [1] was an organisation formed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on 20 July 1924 in Bombay, driven by the goal of improving the educational standards for Untouchables [2] and address their socio-political challenges. [3]
Gopal Baba Walangkar, also known as Gopal Krishna walangkar,(1840–1904) is an early example of an activist working to release the untouchable people of India from their historic socio-economic oppression and is generally considered to be the pioneer of that movement.