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Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid and is one of the main psychoactive constituents in the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [4] It is an opioid that is typically consumed as a part of kratom for its pain-relieving and euphoric effects.
In the research commentary, the authors wrote that up to one-third of kratom users experience an adverse side effect. A 2022 study links kratom use to multiple adverse events, including: cardiac ...
The FDA is aware of 36 deaths linked to the drug, as well as a tenfold increase in calls to poison control centers about the substance from 2010 to 2015.
Mitragyna speciosa is a tropical evergreen tree of the Rubiaceae family (coffee family) native to Southeast Asia. [3] It is indigenous to Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea, [4] where its leaves, known as kratom, have been used in herbal medicine since at least the 19th century. [5]
Long-term effects of smoking cannabis include lung inflammation. [90] Smoking cannabis has been linked to adverse respiratory effects including: chronic coughing, wheezing, sputum production, and acute bronchitis. [87] It has been suggested that the common practice of inhaling cannabis smoke deeply and holding breath could lead to pneumothorax.
In an in vitro analysis by the University of Rhode Island on cannabinoids it was found that 11-OH-Δ 9-THC had the 3rd highest 3C-like protease inhibitor activity against COVID-19 out of all the cannabinoids tested within that study but not as high as the antiviral drug GC376 (56% for 11-OH-Δ 9-THC vs. 100% for GC376).
Research on pregnant women has documented the differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on the expression of CYPs in response to cigarette smoke. Using hepatic cells, Choi et al., (2012) [ 61 ] found that progesterone and estradiol altered drug metabolism but only when hormone concentrations reach that which is normal for pregnancy.
There’s no single explanation for why addiction treatment is mired in a kind of scientific dark age, why addicts are denied the help that modern medicine can offer. Family doctors tend to see addicts as a nuisance or a liability and don’t want them crowding their waiting rooms. In American culture, self-help runs deep.