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The costate variables () can be interpreted as Lagrange multipliers associated with the state equations. The state equations represent constraints of the minimization problem, and the costate variables represent the marginal cost of violating those constraints; in economic terms the costate variables are the shadow prices.
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If the loss does not start until some time in the future, then you can combine Table 27 and Table 28 to give an overall multiplier. For example a loss over a period of 15 years that starts in 10 years time would have a Table 27 multiplier of 0.7812 and a Table 28 multiplier of 12.54 giving an overall multiplier of 9.80.
A fascinating map shows the most searched for cost for a product or service by state. It was created by local business listing service Fixr.com by Googling "how much does an a * cost" in a certain ...
The Regional Input–Output Modeling System (RIMS II) is a regional economic model developed and maintained by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).. Regional input–output multipliers such as the RIMS II multipliers allow estimates of how a one-time or sustained increase in economic activity in a particular region will impact other industries located in the region—i.e., estimating ...
An increased limit factor (ILF) at limit L relative to basic limit B can be defined as = + + + + + + ()where ALAE is the allocated loss adjustment expense provision, ULAE is the unallocated loss adjustment expense provision, and RL is the risk load provision.
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Further research from EPRI indicates that residential customers’ cost tend to peak at US$1.50/kW in the first hour and falls of to US$0.46/kW in subsequent hours. On the other hand, large C/I and small & medium C/I suffer much higher losses of US$10/kW and US$38/kW respectively in the first hour.