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In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor(x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the least integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil(x). [1]
A double floor is a floor framed with joists supported by larger timbers.. In traditional timber framing there may be a single set of joists which carry both a floor and ceiling called a single floor (single joist floor, single framed floor) or two sets of joists, one carrying the floor and another carrying the ceiling called a double floor (double framed floor).
The waffle slab floor system has several advantages: Better for buildings that require less vibrations – this is managed by the two way joist reinforcements that form the grid. Bigger spans can be achieved with less material, being more economical and environmentally friendly; Some people find the waffle pattern aesthetically pleasing [4]
The NRC is highly dependent on the type of mounting, [6] which, if not specified, is usually a Type A mounting (ABPMA mounting #4) where the material is placed directly on the floor, wall, or ceiling. Acoustical ceiling tiles are often tested in Type E400 mounting, which simulates a 16-inch-deep (410 mm) plenum.
The CU value should be obtained by the manufacturer of the luminaire which is to be evaluated. In order to determine the CU on the manufacturer's table, a room cavity ratio (RCR) must be used. Also, the reflectance of the ceiling, walls and floor must be known. RCR = 5 x (room height) x (room width + room length) / [(room width) x (room length ...
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Joist bridging, or blocking, is used between floor or ceiling joists, but this is to prevent the joists from (twisting or rotating under load) rather than to prevent buckling in compression. Herringbone strutting may replace blocking with smaller, timber battens fixed diagonally, in pairs, between joists.
The CJ-Series Joists are capable of supporting larger floor or roof loadings due to the attachment of the concrete slab to the top chord of the composite joist. Shear connection between the concrete slab and steel joist is typically made by the welding of shear studs through the steel deck to the underlying CJ-Series Composite Steel Joist. [2]