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A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. [1]
The Genetic Studies of Genius, later known as the Terman Study of the Gifted, [1] is currently the oldest and longest-running longitudinal study in the field of psychology. . It was begun by Lewis Terman at Stanford University in 1921 to examine the development and characteristics of gifted children into adultho
Twin study; Research designs vary according to the period(s) of time over which data are collected: Retrospective cohort study: Participants are chosen, then data are collected about their past experiences. Prospective cohort study: Participants are recruited prior to the proposed independent effects being administered or occurring.
A popular repeated-measures design is the crossover study. A crossover study is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can be observational studies, many important crossover studies are controlled experiments.
Clinical psychology is at present the largest specialization within psychology. [198] It includes the study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychological distress, dysfunction, and/or mental illness. Clinical psychologists also try to promote subjective well-being and personal growth.
Large-scale longitudinal studies have demonstrated that the most active period of personality development appears to be between the ages of 20–40. [5] Although personality grows increasingly consistent with age and typically plateaus near age 50, personality never reached a period of total stability. [16] [17]
Explanatory case studies explore causation to identify underlying principles. [23] [24] However, there is a debate to whether case studies count as a scientific research method. Clinical psychologists use case studies most often, especially to describe abnormal events and conditions, which are particularly important in clinical research. [25]
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children , the field has expanded to include adolescence , adult development , aging , and the entire lifespan. [ 1 ]