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Steel joists and Joist Girders being erected. In structural engineering, the open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points.
It is most often used for roof construction. Some common trusses are named according to their "web configuration". The chord size and web configuration are determined by span, load and spacing. The parallel chord truss, or flat truss, gets its name from its parallel top and bottom chords. It is often used for floor construction.
A Fink truss (half span and cross section) The Fink truss was designed by Albert Fink of Germany in 1854. This type of bridge was popular with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The Appomattox High Bridge on the Norfolk and Western Railway included 21 Fink deck truss spans from 1869 until their replacement in 1886.
The Howe truss used iron vertical rods in tension with wooden diagonal braces. Both trusses used counter-bracing, which was becoming essential now that heavy railroad trains were using bridges. [1] In 1830, Stephen Harriman Long received a patent for an all-wood parallel chord truss bridge. Long's bridge contained diagonal braces which were ...
Each span includes two parallel lines of trusses, one each on the north and south sides of the bridge; the centers of these trusses are spaced 60 feet (18 m) apart. [19] The bottom chord of each set of trusses is composed of box girders, while the top chord is composed of eyebars measuring 8 to 12 inches (200 to 300 mm) deep. [22]
The Don N. Holt Bridge is a parallel chord, three-span continuous, modified Warren-type truss bridge that carries Interstate 526 (I-526) over the Cooper River between Charleston and North Charleston. It was built in 1992 by the South Carolina Department of Transportation and was designed by HNTB Corporation .
In through-truss bridges the critical compressive parts are the top-chord beams running horizontally along the top of the bridge, parallel to the roadway edges. They carry most of the weight of the bridge and traffic. The chords are normally kept aligned and held in place by vertical posts, diagonals, and sideways sway struts.
Tonic and tonic parallel in C minor: Cm and E ♭ M chords Play ⓘ. Subdominant and subdominant parallel in C major (Sp): FM and Dm chords. [1] [2] [3] Play ⓘ Subdominant and subdominant parallel in C minor (sP): Fm and A ♭ M chords Play ⓘ. Dominant and dominant parallel in C major: GM and Em chords Play ⓘ. Dominant and dominant ...