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Tension is the pulling or stretching force transmitted axially along an object such as a string, rope, chain, rod, truss member, or other object, so as to stretch or pull apart the object. In terms of force, it is the opposite of compression .
Surface tension is an important factor in the phenomenon of capillarity. Surface tension has the dimension of force per unit length, or of energy per unit area. [3] The two are equivalent, but when referring to energy per unit of area, it is common to use the term surface energy, which is a more general term in the sense that it applies also to ...
Lift conventionally acts in an upward direction in order to counter the force of gravity, but it is defined to act perpendicular to the flow and therefore can act in any direction. If the surrounding fluid is air, the force is called an aerodynamic force .
By Newton's second law, the cause of acceleration is a net force acting on the object, which is proportional to its mass m and its acceleration. The force, usually referred to as a centripetal force , has a magnitude [ 7 ] F c = m a c = m v 2 r {\displaystyle F_{c}=ma_{c}=m{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}} and is, like centripetal acceleration, directed ...
Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension).
Since y denotes the distance from the neutral axis to any point on the face, it is the only variable that changes with respect to dA. Therefore: = Therefore the first moment of the cross section about its neutral axis must be zero. Therefore the neutral axis lies on the centroid of the cross section.
Moreover, the direction and magnitude generally depend on the orientation of S. Thus the stress state of the material must be described by a tensor , called the (Cauchy) stress tensor ; which is a linear function that relates the normal vector n of a surface S to the traction vector T across S .
As the faces slide in opposite directions, tension is created at the tip, and a mode I fracture is created in the direction of the σ h-max, which is the direction of maximum principal stress. Shear-failure criteria is an expression that attempts to describe the stress at which a shear rupture creates a crack and separation. This criterion is ...