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The typical hydrofluoric acid (HF) alkylation unit requires far less acid than a sulfuric acid unit to achieve the same volume of alkylate. The HF process only creates a small amount of organofluorine side products which are continuously removed from the reactor and the consumed HF is replenished.
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and aluminium chloride (AlCl 3) are the two major catalysts for the alkylation of benzene with linear mono-olefins. The HF-based process is commercially dominant; however, the risk of releasing HF (a poisonous substance) into the environment became a concern particularly after the Clean Air Act Amendment. In 1995, a solid ...
The process involves dehydrogenation of n-paraffins to olefins, and subsequent reaction with benzene using HF as catalyst. For example, in oil refineries "alkylate", a component of high- octane petrol ( gasoline ), is generated in alkylation units, which combine C 3 and C 4 olefins and iso -butane .
The company invented an HF alkylation process in 1940. [13] The American petrochemical industry took off, first making such as styrene , ethylene , propylene and butadiene . [ 2 ] After the war, it formed a subsidiary, Phillips Chemical Co., which entered the fertilizer business by producing anhydrous ammonia from natural gas. [ 14 ]
Because, however, the product ketone forms a rather stable complex with Lewis acids such as AlCl 3, a stoichiometric amount or more of the "catalyst" must generally be employed, unlike the case of the Friedel–Crafts alkylation, in which the catalyst is constantly regenerated. [13] Reaction conditions are similar to the Friedel–Crafts ...
Transalkylation reactions of six to ten carbon methylated aromatics are often performed with the cofeed of hydrogen gas, over a zeolite based solid catalyst. Industrial processes operate the transalkylation reactor at elevated temperature and pressure to achieve desired process economics.
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... Hafnium 72 Hf ... Template:Periodic table legend ...
Many acids can function as sources for the protons. Acid used for acid catalysis include hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites. Strong acids catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of esters, e.g. for processing fats into biodiesel. In ...